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Film has become an important vehicle for Chinese culture, and its influence extends beyond East Asia and the overseas Chinese communities. The history and art of Chinese film is divided by the three regions of mainland China, and Taiwan and Hongkong. Each region has its specific themes and styles. Within each region, there are further schools that could be identified.
The first Western film was shown in Shanghai in 1895, and by the next year, a fledgling studio was established in Beijing. However, the first films were 'shorts', and only in the 1920s were feature films produced. These films, strongly influenced by traditional theatre and opera, resemble staged drama, and the initial Chinese name for film reflects this attitude: Western shadowplay (西洋影戲). With the Japanese invasion and the Pacific War, most films adapted patriotic themes championing the resistance of the oppressed Chinese. A new period arrived with the Communist revolution in 1949, with a long period until 1978 mostly promoting subjects conforming to the needs of the Party. Socialist realism, a hybrid of Marxism and Chinese humanism, was the official aesthetic. Film studios were consolidated in Beijing, Shanghai, and Changchun. In the 1980s and 1990s, Chinese film in the Mainland found a new voice with the relaxation of state censorship, although significant films that received overseas recognition continued to be banned or cut.
The epic style of Zhang Yimou and Chen Kaige, with their sweeping portrayals of modern China, has been followed by a new generation of film-makers focussed primarily on urban life and the struggle for survival in the chaotic world of economic reforms. With the decline in state subsidies, Chinese films must compete with foreign offerings at the box office, leading to a more commercial emphasis.
The Hong Kong film tradition spans the same period as China, but as a former colony, its art reflects a constant negotiation between Western and Chinese worlds. The third largest industry in the world after India and the United States, Hong Kong is probably best known for its martial arts films, although it covers many other themes. Recently, however, the industry has been in decline, eclipsed by American and foreign films, and a loss of confidence reflected in its return to China in 1997.
Taiwanese film, like that in China, matured with the political and economic reforms of the 1980s. A colony of Japan from 1895, film was under the strict control of Japanese authorities until the arrival of the Nationalist Party in 1945. A 'health-realism' concerned with promoting moral values at a time of cultural upheaval, prevailed until the 1970s. The New Cinema began in the late 1970s and early 1980s, and looks at modern life and the fracture of the traditional family, and the influence of Western, especially American, colonialism.
中國電影圖志
PN 1993.5 .C4C5377 1995X EAST
電影藝術詞典
PN 1993.45 .T54 1986 EAST
老上海電影
PN 1993.5 .C4L36 1998 EAST
用眼睛看的中國電影史
PN 1993.5 C4Y8 1979 EAST
中國電影金雞獎
PN 1993.93 .C6C47 1993 EAST
中國電影劇本選輯
PN 1997 .A1C55 1979 EAST
中國無聲電影史
PN 1993.5 .C4L487 1996X v. 1-14 EAST
香港電影史話
PN 1993.5 .H6Y83 1996 v. 1 EAST
刀光俠影蒙太奇: 中國武俠電影論
PN 1995 .C4534 1996X EAST
電影語言學導論
PN 1993.5 .C4T47 1996 EAST
獨立制片在臺灣
PN 1997 .H75183T8 1990 EAST
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中國戲劇電影辭典
PN 2871 .C77 1993 (CR) EAST
中國 影家列傳
PN 1998.2 .C526 1982 v. 1 (CR) EAST
中國電影演員辭典
PN 2877 .C575 1993 (CR) EAST
中國影片大典
PL 1993.45 C49 1996X EAST
影視音像機构名錄
PN 1993.5 .C4Y58 1994 (CR) EAST
中華民國--電影事業概況
PN 1993.5 .T28C487 1993 EAST
電影與政治宣傳
PN 1993.5 .T28H82 1994 EAST
臺港電影中的作者與類型
PN 1993.5 .T28C473 1991 EAST
文化批評與華語電影
PN 1993.5 .C4W45 1995 EAST
China into Film: Frmaes of Reference in Contemporary Chinese Cinema
PN 1993.5 .C4S56 1999 ROBA
Chinese Cinema: Culture and Politics since 1949
PN 1993.5 .C4C58 1987 ROBA
Chinese Film: the State of the Art in the People's Republic
PN 1993.5 C4C46 1987 ROBA
Chinese Film Theory: a Guide to the New Era
PN 1993.5 C4C46 1990 ROBA
The Chinese Filmography: the 2444 Feature Films Produced by Studios in the People's Republic of China
PN 1993.5 .C4M37 1997X GENR
Chinese Modernism in the Era of Reform: Cultural Fever, Avant-Garde Fiction, and the New Chinese Cinema
PL 2303 .C3483 1997X ROBA
Le Cinema Chinois
PN 1993.5 C4C57 1985 ROBA
Le Cinema Chinois
Vol. 1 (1949-1983) PN 1993.5 .C539B496
Le Cinema Chinois
Vol. II (1984-1997) PN 1993.5 .C4B43 1997
Cinema and Urban Culture in Shanghai, 1922-1943
PN 1993.5 .C4C565 1999X ROBA
The Cinema of Hong Kong: History, Arts, Identity
PN 1993.5 .H6C56 2000 ROBA
Film Ohne Grenzen: das Neue Hong Kong Kino
PN 1993.5 .C4U42 1996X ROBA
Hong Kong Babylon: an Insider's Look at the Hollywood of the East
PN 1993.5 .H6D35 1997
The City in Modern Chinese Literature and Film: Configurations of Space, Time, and Gender
PL 2303 .Z43 1996X ROBA
Encyclopedia of Chinese Film
PN 1993.5 .C4Z53 1998X ROBA
Film in Contemporary China: Critical Debates, 1979-1989
PN 1993.5 C4F5 1993 ROBA
From May Fourth to June Fourth: Fiction and Film in Twentieth-Century China
PL 2302 .F76 1993 ROBA
Hong Kong Cinema: the Extra Dimensions
PN 1993.5 .H6T46 1997X ROBA
The Hong Kong Filmography, 1977-1997: a Complete Reference to 1100 Films Produced by British Hong Kong
PN 1993.5 .C4C425 2000X ROBA
New Chinese Cinema
PN 1993.5 .C4T34 1998X ROBA
New Chinese Cinema: Forms, Identities, Polities
PN 1993.5 .C4N49 1994 ROBA
Perspectives on Chinese Cinema
PN 1993.5 .C4P47 1991 ROBA
Planet Hong Kong: Popular Cinema and the Art of Entertainment
PN 1993.5 .H6B63 2000 ROBA
Primitive Passions: Visuality, Sexuality, Ethnography, and Contemporary Cinema
PN 1993.5 .C4C465 1995X ROBA
Public Secrets, Public Spaces: Cinema and Civility in China
PN 1993.5 .C4D66 2000X
Transnational Chinese Cinemas: Identity, Nationhood, Gender
PN 1993.5 .C4T65 1997X ROBA
www.usc.edu/isd/archives/asianfilm
China Star:
A Chinese Cinema Page:
Chinese Film and Media: A Bibliography:
Chinese Film in the 1930s:
Chinese Movies Database:
Chinese Movies:
Popular Film - 大眾電影:
Internet Movie Database -- Chinese Film:
Chinese Film Index - 中國電影資料庫:
Outlook on Chinese Film and Television - 中國影視大視野
Hong Kong
AsianXpress:
Hong Kong Film Critics Society:
Mandarin Film Studio:
Movieworld Hong Kong:
Movieworld Hong Kong: Moviebase:
Toronto's Hong Kong Cinemas:
What's This Wong Kar Wai:
People's Republic of China
Film Personalities - 電影人物:
Made in China: Celebration of Chinese Cinema:
Shanghai Film Studio:
Star Road:
Xi'an Film Studio:
Yinmu Kongjian Zhan:
Singapore
Shaw Studios:
The Singapore Film Critics Society:
Zhaowei Films:
Taiwan
A City of Sadness:
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Golden Horse Film Festival:
Guojia Dianying Ziliaoguan (National Film Index):
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