| 한글자음 |
McCune-Reishauer Romanization |
한글모음 |
McCune-Reishauer Romanization |
| Initial |
Medial |
Final |
| ㄱ |
K |
K,G,NG |
K |
ㅏ |
a |
| ㄴ |
N, O |
N, L |
N |
ㅑ |
ya, a |
| ㄷ |
T, CH |
T, D, CH, J |
T |
ㅓ |
ŏ |
| ㄹ |
N, O |
R, L, N |
L |
ㅕ |
yŏ, ŏ |
| ㅁ |
M |
M |
M |
ㅗ |
o |
| ㅂ |
P |
P, B, M |
P |
ㅛ |
yo, o |
| ㅅ |
S, SH,S, SH, D, T |
N, P, K |
T |
ㅜ |
u |
| ㅇ |
O |
O, NG |
NG |
ㅠ |
yu, u |
| ㅈ |
CH |
CH, J |
T |
ㅡ |
ŭ, u |
| ㅊ |
CH' |
CH' |
T |
ㅣ |
i |
| ㅋ |
K' |
K' |
K |
ㅘ |
wa |
| ㅌ |
T', CH' |
T', CH' |
T |
ㅝ |
wŏ |
| ㅍ |
P' |
P' |
P |
ㅐ |
ae |
| ㅎ |
H |
H |
O |
ㅔ |
e |
| ㄲ |
KK |
KK |
K |
ㅚ |
oe |
| ㄸ |
TT |
TT |
T |
ㅟ |
wi, i |
| ㅃ |
PP' |
PP' |
P |
ㅢ |
ŭi, i |
| ㅆ |
SS |
SS |
T |
ㅙ |
wae |
| ㅉ |
TCH |
TCH |
T |
ㅞ |
wye, we |
| |
|
|
|
ㅒ |
yae |
| |
|
|
|
ㅖ |
ye, e |
|
Basic Principles and Examples
- Each word, including particles, is separated from another word eg. han'gŭl nal (한글 날)
- A compound word is considered a combination of binary words eg. norae ŭi nalgae wi e (노래 의 날개 위에)
- A compound word is divided into binary components according to euphony eg. han'guk munhak chŏnjip (한국 문학 전집)
Specific Rules and Examples
- Write particles as a word separate from the word stem, except as noted in a and b below eg. noin kwa pada (노인 과 바다)
- Add a particle as a suffix to a verb stem, adverb, or a simple inflection of the verb stem or adverb. eg. kanan ŭl iginun pŏp (가난 을 이기는 법)
- Write two coordinated particles together as a word, unless one of them is a binary. eg. hangmun urosŏ ŭi sahak (학문 으로서 의 사학)
- Write a simple inflected verb, adjective, or adverb as a separate word or as s suffix jointed to a word, according to the sense of the element(s) involved. eg. Choguk ŭl chik'in yongsa (조국 을 지킨 용사) Nugu rŭl wihayŏ chong ŭn ullina (누구 를 위하여 종 은 울리나)
- Separate an auxiliary verb, adjective, or adverb, and its inflection, from the word stem. eg. t'aorŭnŭn pyŏl (타 오르는 별)
- Separate the auxiliary hada (하다), the copula ida (이다) eg. sin ŭn ch'angjoja ida (신 은 창조자 이다)
- Write an imperfect noun as a separate word, except as noted in a-b below. eg. moran kkot p'il muryŏp (모란 꽃 필 무렵)
- Write a single syllable, imperfect noun as a word joined to an attributive adjective or to a simple inflected verb. eg. sinsa sungnyŏ yŏrŏbun (신사 숙녀 여러분)
- Write a single syllable, attributive adjective or prefix as joined as a personal pronoun or imperfect noun. eg. igŏt i sarang ida (이것 이 사랑 이다)
- Write a derived word formed by the addition of a single character modifier, affix, or substantive as a single word. eg. Han'guk kwa Han'gugin (한국 과 한국인)
- In a Sino-Korean phrase, write a simple inflection of the auxiliary hada (하다) and the copula ida (이다) joined to the word stem. eg. yŏngwŏnhan saengmyŏng (영원한 생명)
- In a Sino-Korean compound, write a single character modifier, affix, or substantive as a separate word. eg. Han'guk mal (한국 말)
- Add the binary chuui (주의) to its modifier as a suffix. If the modifier is a word of foreign orgin, add chuui after a hyphen. eg. minjujuŭi (민주주의), kongsanjuŭi (공산주의), Marŭkŭsŭ-chuŭi (마르크스주의)
- Write any binary component of a compound as a single word, when possible.
- Write a single-character substantive as part of the preceding binary element of a compound. Write a single-character substantive or an additional modifier together as part of the binary element. eg. Han'guk chŏnt'ong yŏn'gu (한국 전통 연구), t'oji kaeryang chohap (토지 개량 조합)
- If two single-character substantives appear in succession, write the second one as a separate word. eg. hyŏndae chakka samsipsamin chip (현대 작가 33인 집)
- Geographical Names and Personal Names
- Hyphenate a generic term used as part of jurisdiction name, and indicates any phonetic change, except in the case of the term (pukto) eg. Kangwŏn - do (강원도), Taegu - si (대구시), Kyŏngsang - pukto (경상북도)
- Write a family name consisting of two characters as a single word. eg. Sŏnu Chong - wŏn (선우 정원) Hyphenate a given name in two characters or a courtesy name (in place of a given name), and capitalize only the first letter of the first syllable. eg. Yi Kwang - su (이 광수), Kim so - wŏl (김 소월)
The examples that are easy to be mistaken
Euphonic Changes
Consonants ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅂ, ㅈ at Initial and final positions are voiceless, and are represented by k, t, p, ch, respectively. eg. 경기: kyŏnggi (o) → gyŏnggi (x), 독립: tongnip (o) → dongnip (x), 북한: pukhan (o) → bukhan (x), 조선: chosŏn (o) → josŏn (x)
Family Names
eg. 박: Pak (o) → park (x) or bak (x), 백: Paek (o) →baek (x) 조: Cho (o) → jo (x), 정: Ch˘ong (o) → jong (x) or jeong (x), 장: Chang (o) → jang (x) 이: Yi (o) → lee (x), 오: O (o)→ oh (x)
General examples: 철학: chorhak → cholhak (x), 실학: sirhak → silhak(x)
남-북한/남 북한: nam - pukhan or nam pukhan → nampukhan (x) 한-미/한 미: han - mi or han mi → hanmi (x), 한-일/한 일: han - il or han il → hanil (x)
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